Terms+of+Alliances

=Alliances of World War One=

Above shows a Venn diagram of the major alliances that formed during the span of the Great War.

1882 - Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) 1894 - Franco-Russian Alliance (France and Russia) 1904 - Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, and France) 1914 - Dual Alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary)


 * ===The Triple Alliance=== ||

Triple Alliance of 1882 - a political alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the Great War. Each member of the alliance promised to support each other if any was involved in an attack.

ARTICLE 1. The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed against any one of their States. They engage to proceed to an exchange of ideas on political and economic questions of a general nature which may arise, and they further promise one another mutual support within the limits of their own interests. ARTICLE 2. In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should be attacked by France for any reason whatsoever, the two other Contracting Parties shall be bound to lend help and assistance with all their forces to the Party attacked. This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any aggression without direct provocation by France against Germany. ARTICLE 3. If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to be engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers non-signatory to the present Treaty, the //casus foederis// will arise simultaneously for all the High Contracting Parties. ARTICLE 4. In case a Great Power non-signatory to the present Treaty should threaten the security of the states of one of the High Contracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself forced on that account to make war against it, the two others bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent neutrality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the right to take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make common cause with its Ally. ARTICLE 5. If the peace of any of the High Contracting Parties should chance to be threatened under the circumstances foreseen by the preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties shall take counsel together in ample time as to the military measures to be taken with a view to eventual cooperation. They engage henceforward, in all cases of common participation in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty, except by common agreement among themselves. ARTICLE 6. The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to the contents and existence of the present Treaty. ARTICLE 7. The present Treaty shall remain in force during the space of five years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. ARTICLE 8. The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at Vienna within three weeks, or sooner if may be. In 1871, two major empires came into power- the German and Italian empire. Germany and France had tensions with each other due to the Franco-Prussian war that went on from 1870 to 1871 and left Germany with a victory, so France was thirsting for revenge. And for recovery of the lost provinces of Alsace-Lorraine. Germany had allied itself with Russia and Austria-Hungary in the Three Emperor’s League, which was an informal alliance among Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany, but the Austro-Hungarian empire and Russia were not in the best terms, partly because of the Balkans and the Pan-Slavic movement. The Treaty of San Stefano of 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War, furthered the cause of Pan-Slavism through the creation of a large Bulgarian state and offended Austria-Hungary as well as Great Britain. IN 1882, Italy signed a secret treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary. This was when the triple Alliance was formed. It was periodically renewed until 1913. In 1882 Serbia joined the alliance indirectly through a different treaty with Austria-Hungary. Italy was from the first not so solidly bound to either of its allies as Germany and Austria-Hungary were to each other. Italy was a rival of Austria-Hungary in the Balkans and particularly for control of the Adriatic; moreover, there remained unsettled territorial problems such as the movement of irredentism.
 * The Terms of the Alliance**
 * Formation of the Triple Alliance**


 * ===The Triple Entente=== ||



The Triple Entente is made up of Britain, France, and Russia. Russia joined the alliance after the fear that the German empire was growing to large. Théophile Delcassé took control over the French Empire and his main goal was the isolation of Germany. At the same time France, face to face with an increasingly powerful Germany and a hostile Central European combination, felt great need of an ally, and French diplomats began to make overtures to Russia for an agreement to counterbalance the Triple Alliance. After the defeat of Russia by Japan, Sir Edward Grey gained influence in the British foreign office, and Britain came to favor a friendly settlement with Russia. The Entente Cordiale (a friendly understanding) was formed in 1904. · settled their old colonial disputes in Siam, West Africa, and Madagascar · France recognized Egypt and the Sudan as a British colony · Britain recognized Morocco as a French Colony · Both would support each other if their countries were challenged by a third power.
 * Terms of the Alliance:**


 * ===Franco-Russian Alliance=== ||

Franco-Russian Alliance - Political and military pact between France and Russia that was one of the basic European alignments of the pre–World War I era. In the event of war, France wanted support against Germany, and Russia against Austria-Hungary. The alliance was formalized through an exchange of letters in order to preserve secrecy, and it was to be in force as long as the opposing Triple Alliance. The alliance was renewed and strengthened in 1899 and 1912.

The Triple Alliance of 1882 left Russia vulnerable, while France had been isolated due to its defeat in the Franco-Prussian war and the policies of Bismark. Although France and Russia shared political differences (with Russia being an absolute monarch and France being a republic), their relations began to improve.

The New German emperor Wilhelm II had overseen a change in German foreign policy. The Reinsurance Treaty with Russia was allowed to expire in 1890, even though Russia had tried to renew it. After long negotiations, the Franco-Russian alliance came into act in 1892. It was to remain in place as long as the Triple Alliance existed.


 * The Terms of the Alliance**

The opportunity for an agreement between Russia and France arose in the wake of Germany’s dropping of her treaty with Russia (the Reinsurance treaty) in 1890. An alliance with Russia was most attractive to France considering Bismarck's success in isolating her diplomatically over the previous decade while, for Russia, the recent renewal of the Triple Alliance (of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) prompted consideration of her own now isolated position. Favorable, also, was the drawing together of Russia and France consequent upon major loans to the former by French banks as well as French military assistance in weapons procurement. Though this military alliance was drawn up in 1892, it took another 16 months before final approval was secured by the Tsar's signature on Jan. 4, 1894.

> If Russia is attacked by Germany, or by Austria supported by Germany, France will employ all her available forces for an attack on Germany. > > These forces will enter into combat with full strength, in such a manner as to oblige Germany to fight simultaneously in both east and West. > They shall communicate to each other in time of peace all information that may come to their knowledge concerning the armaments of the triple Alliance. > The ways and means of corresponding in time of war shall be studied and arranged in advance.
 * 1) If France is attacked by Germany, or by Italy supported by Germany, Russia will employ all her available forces for an attack on Germany.
 * 1) In case the forces of the Triple Alliance or of one of the partners of that Alliance should mobilize, France and Russia, at the first announcement of that event and without necessity for prior agreement, will immediately and simultaneously mobilize the totality of their forces and will move them as close as possible to their frontiers.
 * 2) The available forces to be employed against Germany shall be: on the French side, 1,300,000 men; on the Russian side, 700,000 - 800,000 men.
 * 1) The general staffs of the armies of the two countries shall concert, at every stage, their efforts to prepare and facilitate the measures here envisaged.
 * 1) France and Russia will not conclude peace separately with the Triple Alliance.
 * 2) This convention shall have the same duration as the Triple Alliance.
 * 3) All the clauses numbered above shall be held rigorously secret.

Unable to maintain friendly relations with both Austria and Russia, Bismarck chose Austria to be his ally because, Germany preferred a weaker partner which could be more easily controlled, alliance with Austria would throw open the Danube valley to German trade, Austria had racial ties with Germany, such an alliance would enable Germany to exercise influence in the Balkans and alliance with Russia would antagonize Britain as Britain did not like her colonial rival to be supported by a strong power. The alliance was a way to prevent or limit the war. Germany and Austria-Hungary pledged to come together if attacked by Russia.
 * ===Dual Alliance=== ||


 * Terms of the Alliance:**
 * each would support the other militarily until the end of the war if attacked by Russia or by Russia and another power
 * each agreed to remain neutral if her ally was attacked by a power other than Russia.