World+War+One

Matrix 1: Pre War
**__Germany__:**

Location and Description of Country in 1914
 * Germany was and still is situated in the Center of Europe
 * To the West Germany was bordered by France and Belgium while to the South was the empire of Austria Hungary and in the East was Russia
 * Germany had some colonies in Africa

Social Conditions before WWI
 * There were deep political and social divisions, however the never threatened the country with civil war
 * There was a general rising of prosperity that coincided with the growth of trade unions and the moderation of the left of the political sphere
 * The people viewed the emperor, supposedly ordained by God, as play acting
 * The people viewed Germany’s progress with national pride

Economic Conditions before WWI
 * Britain and Germany trading partners
 * Germany was a predominantly industrial country
 * Germany ranked as the third industrial nation behind the United States and Britain
 * Germany had almost the same production levels of coal as Britain (251.5 Germany to 292 Britain, in metric million tons), produced half again as much pig iron (14,829 to 9,792 thousand metric tons), and more than double the steel production (15.34 to 6.94 million metric tons)
 * Between 1871 and 1914 Germany doubled agricultural output, quadrupled the value of her industrial output, and tripled her oversea trade
 * Germany developed into an industrial power very quickly

Political Conditions before WWI The Judiciary remained independent which assured the continuation of civil rights
 * A federation of 25 states, Prussia being the largest
 * Extensive state’s rights
 * The state legislatures controlled direct taxation of their residents
 * The state parliaments were elected in different manners depending on the state, Prussia for example used a three class system without secret ballots to ensure the landed aristocracy maintained power.
 * There were large political divisions between the haves and the have nots.
 * German political structure was a fusion of traditional mid 19th century institutions and an imperial parliament (the Reichstag)
 * The Reichstag was elected using universal manhood suffrage
 * The Reichstag controlled the budget but could only tax indirectly
 * The need for large sums of money to build the new German navy and maintain the army gave the Reichstag increasing power
 * The emperor had tremendous power resulting from the Constitution of 1871, he appointed the chancellor, was commander of the army, and made the final decisions concerning war and peace.
 * Kaiser Wilhelm II was intelligent but unpredictable and unsure of himself
 * The Kaiser regulated his duties to others and was often manipulated
 * The Kaiser and the leading members of German politics thought that Germany was being surrounded by enemies
 * Weltpolitik, the belief that Germany needed to expand, was the philosophy of Germany’s leaders

Alliances
 * 1905 German-Russian alliance between the Tsar and Kaiser, it was an empty treaty because the Russians would not abandon the French
 * Triple Alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy

= __United Kingdom:__ =

Location and Description of Country 1914
 * The United Kingdom consisted of Scotland, England, Wales, and Ireland and was / is located on two main islands in the Atlantic just of the coast of France
 * The British empire was the largest in the world encompassing Canada, large regions of Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and India

Social Conditions Before WWI
 * The people viewed England to be lagging behind the U.S. and Germany
 * Slow population growth compared to the U.S. and Germany
 * A system of state run primary and secondary schools was opened
 * Unions primarily composed of lower class, they showed a new militancy which industrialists saw as a threat

Economic Conditions Before WWI
 * Britain relied on traditional industry such as textiles and there was a fear that Britain falling behind compared to other growing industrial countries
 * Had the largest mercantile marine
 * London was the financial capital of the world
 * Britain dominated the coal export trade, due to ports conveniently close to the coal mines
 * Unions were dominated by the poor
 * Old age pensions introduces 1908

Political Conditions Before WWI
 * Britain had a two house parliamentary system (the House of Commons and the House of Lords) with a Prime Minister and a Monarch
 * The Labor Party in Britain was willing to work with other groups in order to ensure better conditions for workers, because of this the party was recognized as being legitimate
 * Liberals gained a majority after 1905 but only implemented some social reform
 * The budget of 1909 caused a crisis in government because the House of Lords saw it as limiting their powers
 * 1911 the House of Lords allowed a bill to be past limiting their powers
 * treaty between Germany in 1913 which divided up the colonies of Mozambique and Angola giving Germany a large share if Portugal ever got rid of the colonies
 * 1914 a treaty with Germany that allowed the completion of the Berlin to Baghdad railroad
 * India ruled by Viceroys as a separate empire under the Crown
 * In predominantly white colonies there existed a system of self government which was very close to independence
 * In colonies of primarily natives different systems of government were used based on no discernable standard system

Alliances
 * Britain created an alliance with Japan in 1902 against Russia
 * 1907 Britain and Russia partitioned the middle east between them, seen as a temporary measure that wouldn’t last when Russia regained her strength
 * While no official treaty existed between Britain and France a relationship known as the entante cordiale existed where the two countries grew to have close and friendly relationships
 * A treaty with the U.S. which gave the U.S. control of the future Panama Canal, while Britain withdrew her Caribbean fleet and left the Canadian border undefended

France:
Location and Description of Country1914
 * Located in Western Europe bordered Germany to the East

Social Conditions Before WWI
 * Very anti-Jewish
 * Very conservative didn’t want change
 * The country was split between pro Church and Anti Church
 * Church supporters were the rich and powerful, and the peasants in the West and Lorraine
 * Anti-Church was less well of middle class and lower officials
 * The French were not enthusiastic about colonies unless their was a clash with a foreign power over them, then they became extremely patriotic
 * Until 1903 the French hated Britain more than Germany
 * Poicare increased the side of the army in the last couple years before the war, and it was viewed as a respectable profession

Economic Conditions Before WWI
 * Loans to Russia were between a third and quarter of French foreign investments
 * A society of small producers and sellers, workshops with five people or less were the main establishment
 * Had large reserves of iron and some coal
 * No rapid population or industrial growth

Political Conditions Before WWI
 * The government was constantly shifting, however, the members were mostly the same just in different ministries
 * The French government was very much in the center shifting only slightly to the left or right
 * There was an elected government and an administration that was similar to that during Napoleon
 * Prefects were appointed and were states representatives, they had enormous patronage
 * Socialism developed later than most countries been when it did it was very rapid
 * Socialism had little effect because they refused to work with other parties
 * Syndicalism was an active force in France, the unions were brought under the Confederation General du Travail (CGT)
 * Syndicalism viewed violence as acceptable, believed their ultimate weapon was the general strike
 * Syndicalism only had about 7% of the workforce, but that was still 700,000
 * On the far right were the Comite de l ‘Action Francaise, basically fascist, distributed a daily paper
 * Pro and Anti Church factions divided the country, Anti Church groups gained a majority after the Dreyfus affair in 1902 and passed sweeping church laws, such as forbidding the church to run schools
 * Even though they suffered defeat in the Franco-Prussian war France did not give in and continued to act as a world power

Alliances
 * 1894 established a treaty with Russia that became the bedrock of French foreign policy.
 * In the Russian Treaty they agreed if France was attacked by Germany or Italy supported by Germany or if Russia was attacked by Germany or by Austria supported by Germany then the other would attack with all power
 * Another part of the treaty pledged to fully mobilize if any member of the Triple Alliance mobilized
 * Poincare supported the Russians in the Balkans and assured them the treaty would still apply if Austria intervened in Balkan affairs
 * Entante Cordiale (see United Kingdom)
 * French Foreign Minister, Theophile Dalcasse, reached an agreement with Britain allowing for French control of Morocco and British control of Egypt

**__Russia:__**

Location and Description of Country 1914
 * Russia comprised what is now Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Ukraine
 * The largest Western State
 * Bordered Germany and Austria Hungary to the West and the Pacific Ocean to the East
 * Roughly 100 distinct national peoples made up Russia
 * Had a larger population than the U.S.
 * Had a large army which sucked a lot of the nation’s resources

Social Conditions Before WWI
 * A conglomeration of many cultures
 * Russification was practiced on the other cultures
 * Extremely Anti-Semitic
 * Overwhelmingly rural population
 * Half the population was illiterate
 * 1905 peasant uprising due to defeat of the army in China and the sinking of the fleet by the Japanese
 * Bloody Sunday 22 January 1905; 200,000 workers marched to winter palace seeking a redress of grievances by Tsar, they were charged by the Cossacks and 1000 were killed
 * Bloody Sunday severely damaged Tsar’s authority
 * Peasants were forced into the city into crowded factory barracks and industrial centers
 * Heavily burdened peasantry ripe for revolt

Economic Conditions Before WWI
 * Trade unions were outlawed but associations (guided by reliable supporters of the Tsar) were encouraged
 * Rapid industrialization in the 1890’s, checked by a depression in the 1900’s and then continued rapidly from 1910 until the outbreak of War
 * A strong currency based on a gold standard, high interest rates, and a protective tariff attracted foreign capital
 * Industrialization was promoted by the Russian Minister of Finance Sergei Witte
 * A Growing railroad system stimulated industrial growth
 * Had the coal and iron to turn Russia into an industrial power
 * Ranked as the 5th industrial power

Political Conditions Before WWI
 * Highly centralized government with absolute loyalty to the Tsar
 * Tsar Nicholas II placed Sergei Witte in charge during the crisis
 * Tsar was indecisive and his wife Empress Alexandra had a great deal of control over him, she in turn was heavily influenced by the magician Rasputin who’s spiritual healing were alleviating the suffering of her son
 * A consultative assembly called the Duma was introduced as a result of the October Manifesto in 1905
 * The election of the Duma was such that the dissatisfied workers had almost no say in the process
 * The Duma had to approve any laws before they could be introduced
 * The Constitutional Democratic Party, also known as the Kadets, were liberal and desired true constitutional government
 * The Tsar refused to work with the Kadets and so changed the electoral rules so that a conservative majority existed in the Duma
 * Used political oppression to try and keep the peasants under control

Alliances
 * French Alliance (See France)

Austria-Hungary
Location and Description of Country 1914
 * Considered a great power
 * It comprised the Kingdoms of Austria and Hungary and contained a wide variety of nationalities within it
 * Austria-Hungary lay just South of Germany and bordered Russia to the East

Social Conditions Before WWI
 * Socialism cut across ethnic differences
 * Nationalism was divisive and threatened to break the empire apart
 * Slavs saw the duality of the monarchy as excluding the Slav majority by dividing them in half, making them a minority in each half of the empire
 * The Slavs did not have a unified social structure, religion, or tradition
 * In Austria Polish gentry had special privileges; Czechs had special rights; Serb, Croat, and Slovene cultural was restricted
 * German speaking Hapsburg subjects and other nationalities relations were very strained on the local level
 * In Hungary Magyars gave special status to Croats, excluded Slovaks and Serbs from any share of power
 * A high reputation for justice except concerning political offences
 * Considered a center of the arts in Europe

Economic Conditions Before WWI
 * The large market and free trade within the empire helped industrial progress
 * Slow economic progress in late 19th and early 20th century
 * Grain producing Hungarian plain was the bread basket of Europe
 * Czech provinces comparable to the most advanced regions of Europe
 * Peasants of Galicia were extremely poor
 * The empire had stark contrasts between wealth and poverty between regions
 * Austria was more industrialized while Hungary was more agriculturally based
 * There were no tariffs inside the empire of Austria Hungary
 * In 1911, textiles, tobacco, foodstuffs, wood, leather, and paper was 2/3 of the industrial output of Austria
 * Free trade within the empire maintained the regional differences of wealth

Political Conditions Before WWI
 * Each half of the empire had its own government which controlled its internal affairs, one of the powers was what rights would be conceded to other nationalities living in the country
 * Finance, foreign affairs, and military matters were the responsibility of the central government in Vienna
 * The emperor was commander and chief
 * In Austria universal manhood suffrage was used for parliament after 1907
 * Hungarian parliament had much more real power over the Hungarian government than the Austrian parliament had over the Austrian government
 * There was no joint parliament to influence the joint imperial ministries
 * Joint finance customs, commercial policies and contribution to the budget were decided for ten year chunks of time
 * Magyars were granted extensive rights in Hungary
 * Magyars had a personal link with the emperor
 * Socialist party gained a parliamentary following in 1907
 * Parliament was viewed as an advisory body by the emporer
 * Hungary tried to gain control of the army but Francis Joseph threatened force if they threatened
 * 80% of civil servants were German, due to their higher education

Alliances
 * A member of the Triple alliance (see Germany)

**__United States:__**

Location and Description of Country 1914
 * The United States was in the Center of the North American Continent
 * In 1890 the U.S. navy was just a match for the aging Spanish navy, by 1920 a match to the British navy

Social Conditions Before WWI
 * experienced a population boom, mainly as a result of heavy immigration from South and Central Europe
 * Muckraker journalists targeted corruption and social injustice

Economic Conditions Before WWI
 * The U.S. was able to weather the depressions of 1870’s and 1890’s
 * Manufacturing doubled between 1900 and 1914
 * Industry overtook agriculture as the main source of national wealth
 * Electricity, car production, and meatpacking were important industries
 * The U.S. had unmatched resources
 * Teddy Roosevelt sided with workers unlike past presidents
 * From 1897 to 1914 their was an agricultural golden age and Western farmers were able to challenge Eastern business men

Political Conditions Before WWI
 * A two House Congressional branch, an executive branch, and a Judicial branch all of which served to check the others powers made up the central government
 * States Maintained a large amount of power within their territory
 * The Socialist Labor Party led by Eugene V. Debs was unable to establish itself as a serious political force
 * In 1886 the American Federation of Labor was founded, just wanted better conditions for workers
 * Progressives tried to right the ills of the country
 * Teddy Roosevelt was the first President to act as a world statesman, 1905 mediator between Russia and Japan at peace conference at Portsmouth, attended the Moroccan Conference at Algiceras 1906, and sent the new U.S. navy on a world tour
 * The U.S. entered into an imperialist policy in Spanish American War, taking the Philippines and creating Cuba basically a protectorate of the United States
 * Meddled in Latin American internal affairs, invoked the Monroe doctrine to justify their actions

Alliances
 * Hay-Pauncefote treaty between the U.S. and England, the U.S. received the sole right to defend the Panama Canal

**__Matrix 2: Reasons to Enter The War__**

Germany
Major Reasons to Enter War
 * The Weltpolitik philosophy held by the leading members of the German government and military required that Germany expand and become a world power or else lose her place as a great power
 * As a member of the Triple Alliance Germany was sworn to defend Austria-Hungary
 * The Schlieffen plan demanded that Germany mobilize before the French or Russians did so that there would be time to conquer France before Russia swept in and destroyed Germany from the east
 * Germany wanted increased power and influence in Europe and saw that their probably wouldn’t be a better time to strike
 * The Kaiser gave Austria-Hungary a “blank check”
 * Felt that they needed to support Austria and maintain the alliance if Germany was going to be able to stop the Russian hordes. If in the future Germany was to attack Russia and France Austria might not assist because Germany was the belligerent
 * Wanted to be able to present the war to the people of Germany as being in defense of their ally

Civilian Reaction to Entering the War
 * The largest Socialist party in Europe accepted the war as being fought against Russian aggression
 * Only a small minority of the socialists opposed war
 * Civilian Walter Rathenau set up centralized organization to ensure the supply of essential raw materials

Did The Civilian Population Support the Government’s Decision?
 * The vast majority of the population supported the war

Decision Makers (Leaders)
 * Bethmann Hollweg hoped to weaken and break up the alliance between France, Russia, and Britain; once Austria declared war he attempted to lacalize the conflict
 * The Kaiser wanted Austria to go to war
 * After Russia began mobilizing Moltke insisted on the need to mobilize
 * During the war Hindenburg and Ludendorff became essentially the leaders of Germany, overshadowing the Kaiser, they demanded the removal of the Chancellor Hollweg
 * General Falkenhayn commander of the Western front

Number of Troops Sent to War
 * Germany mobilized 11,000,000 troops in the war

Propaganda
 * A propaganda campaign of hatred towards the British, but it had little effect on those at the front
 * Prewar German propaganda falsely accused some Belgians in the opening months of the war as a result of German propaganda
 * Directed a campaign to attempt to win over the populations of occupied Belgium and Russian Poland
 * Initiated a campaign trying to convince the U.S. to side with Germany (see U.S.)

Major Battles
 * General Hindenburg and General Ludendorff in the Battle of Tannenburg in East Prussia on the 28th and 29th of August 1914 destroyed one of two Russian armies invading East Prussia
 * Hindenburg then severely damaged the second Russian Army at the battle of the Masurian Lakes, but it escaped back to Russia. The German Army that was sent after it was subsequently thrown back.
 * End of 1914 both Russia and Germany had sustained heavy casualties and were in a stalemate
 * The Battle of the Marne (1914) the French counterattacked outside of Paris and beat back to German offensive
 * Verdun 1916, Germans thought that the French would sacrifice their manpower to hold the fortress and that it would break the French armies morale. In actuality the fortress was not taken and the Germans lost 333,000 men where the French lost 360,000 men
 * Somme (see France)
 * Battle of Jutland, 1917, the battleship fleets of Britain and Germany clashed, both claimed victory but the German fleet never again challenged the British

Weapons
 * Employed unrestricted submarine warfare against enemy and neutral shipping around the British Isles in retaliation to the British blockade
 * Used Zeppelins in the early part of the war
 * Introduced the Flammenwerfer or flame thrower
 * Siege mortars and machine guns

United Kingdom
Major Reasons to Enter War
 * Britain wanted to maintain the balance of power in Europe
 * Did not want to have resurgence of a situation similar to that that existed during the Napoleon years
 * Britain had signed a treaty to ensure Belgian neutrality
 * Was concerned about the belligerence of Germany and the build up of the German navy
 * It was seen as a preventative war

Civilian Reaction to Entering the War
 * 2 million men volunteered for the army when war was declared
 * Organized labor co-operated with the government
 * A political truce was declared in Britain

Did The Civilian Population Support the Government’s Decision?
 * The British people supported the war and laid aside their differences for the war effort

Decision Makers (Leaders)
 * Sir Edward Grey, he initially attempted to mediate between the
 * Lloyd George and Winston Churchill had control over some military matters
 * General

Number of Troops Sent to War
 * 8,905,000 troops mobilized

Propaganda
 * Britain launched a Propaganda campaign in an attempt to bring the U.S. into the war (See U.S. for more details)

Major Battles
 * Somme (see France)
 * Flanders 1917 only gained 10 miles with unprecedented losses
 * Battle of Jutland, 1917, the battleship fleets of Britain and Germany clashed, both claimed victory but the German fleet never again challenged the British

Weapons
 * Naval blockade of Germany
 * The tank
 * Machine guns
 * Sopwith Camel fighter plane

France
Major Reasons to Enter War
 * Germany declared war on France and her ally Russia
 * If she did not fight the German army would have conquered France

Civilian Reaction to Entering the War
 * French Socialists fought enthusiastically in defense of there homeland
 * Patriotism was almost holy
 * Jean Jaures pacifist socialist leader was assassinated on the outbreak of war

Did The Civilian Population Support the Government’s Decision?
 * The civilians were extremely supportive of the war because the only other option was German subjugation
 * However in 1917 there were sporadic mutinies among the troops

Decision Makers (Leaders)
 * Viviani was Prime Minister during the War
 * Poincare was Prime Minister leading up to the war and pledged the support of France to Russia should become entangled with Austria over Balkan affairs
 * General Gallieni defended Paris in the beginning of the War
 * General Joffre launched offensive in the spring of 1915

Number of Troops Sent to War
 * 8,410,000 troops mobilized

Propaganda

Major Battles
 * French offensive into Lorraine in 1914 cost France 300,000 men
 * The Battle of the Marne was the result of a French counter offensive after Germany’s initial invasion, occurred from the 6th to the 13th of September 1914
 * In 1916 the French fought the Germans to a standstill at Verdun
 * 1916 those troops not engaged at Verdun were thrown into a joint offensive with the British called the battle of the Somme, the German army was not beaten and both sides suffered tremendous casualties. France 190,000 men, British 400,000 men, and the Germans lost 500,000

Weapons

Russia
Major Reasons to Enter War
 * Russia did not want to be unprepared if war should begin in the West
 * As a result of Poincare’s assurances the Russians new they could count on France
 * Russia was not satisfied with her huge empire
 * Wished to take Constantinople and gain control of the straits

Civilian Reaction to Entering the War
 * The Russian peasantry were in a state of unrest when the war broke out.

Did The Civilian Population Support the Government’s Decision?
 * The Russian people were unsatisfied with the leadership of the Tsar and were in a state of unrest

Decision Makers (Leaders)
 * The Tsar Nicholas II was pressured by his military advisors
 * Sasonov and his ministers tried to make it so that other powers would stand aside while Russia supported Serbia and hopefully avoid conflict
 * Russian Council of Ministers suggested a partial mobilization

Number of Troops Sent to War
 * 12,000,000 troops mobilized

Propaganda
 * The tsar tried to keep his people under control

Major Battles
 * General Hindenburg and General Ludendorff in the Battle of Tannenburg in East Prussia on the 28th and 29th of August 1914 destroyed one of two Russian armies invading East Prussia
 * Hindenburg then severely damaged the second Russian Army at the battle of the Masurian Lakes, but it escaped back to Russia. The German Army that was sent after it was subsequently thrown back.
 * End of 1914 both Russia and Germany had sustained heavy casualties and were in a stalemate
 * Also in 1914 Russian armies crushed a Austrian offensive into Poland destroying nearly have the Austrian Army (400,000) and occupying Galicia, Russia suffered 250,000 casualties
 * 1916 summer offensive destroyed the Austrian war effort. Russia inflicted more than Austrian 600,000 casualties or prisoners and 150,000 Germans

Weapons

Austria-Hungary
Major Reasons to Enter War
 * Viewed Serbia as a threat to Austria-Hungary
 * The assassination of the Archduke Fancis Ferdinand in Sarajevo prompted outrage and served as an excuse to deal with the Serbian issue
 * Receiving a “blank check” from Germany boosted the Austrian high command’s confidence
 * Austria-Hungary believed if it did not deal with Serbia it would lose face and lose its place as a great power
 * Serbia mobilized the day they received Austrian demands

Civilian Reaction to Entering the War
 * The different nationalities all fought for the dual monarchy
 * Serb, Ruthene, and Czech populations were lukewarm in their support of the war
 * A few Czechs and Poles formed Legions and fought for the Allies, but there were no large scale defections
 * Hungarians refused to go short of grain and raised the prices to the Austrian portion of the Empire

Did The Civilian Population Support the Government’s Decision?
 * The population of Austria-Hungary had mixed feelings about the war, some supported it others didn’t

Decision Makers (Leaders)
 * Berchtold and the other ministers of Austria-Hungary supported going to war after the assassination of the Archduke
 * The Hungarian Prime Minister, Count Tisza, opposed war
 * Minister Hoyos was the messenger between Fancis Joseph and the Kaiser, Joseph needed to know if Germany would back Austria if Russia became involved

Number of Troops Sent to War
 * 7,800,000 troops were mobilized

Propaganda
 * Directed a campaign to attempt to win over the populations of occupied Belgium and Russian Poland

Major Battles
 * The Russian offensive of 1916 crushed the Austrian’s war effort (see Russia)

United States
Major Reasons to Enter War
 * Germany’s sinking of the Lusitania and the death of the 128 Americans aboard
 * No real reason for the U.S. to go to war
 * Didn’t want to be faced with the threat of a European superpower
 * Unrestricted submarine warfare
 * The Zimmerman Telegram

Civilian Reaction to Entering the War
 * Population believed the war in Europe was just another European folly
 * Many believed in the wisdom of the Founding Fathers which said America should not become entangled in European affairs
 * After the sinking of the Lusitania and unrestricted German submarine warfare the majority was against Germany

Did The Civilian Population Support the Government’s Decision?
 * The population of the United States did not support war initially but after unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram most accepted the war.

Decision Makers (Leaders)
 * President Woodrow Wilson, in August of 1914 he declared U.S. neutrality,
 * After German sinking of defenseless merchant vessels Wilson stated neutral rights of vessels, German government banned the sinking of U.S. vessels
 * Secretary of State Robert Lansing an interventionist long before Wilson

Number of Troops Sent to War
 * 4,355,000 troops mobilized

Propaganda
 * The target of both German and Allied Propaganda
 * Germany argued that they were fighting a cruel despotic regime who persecuted Jews
 * British dwelt on the rights of small nations and the dangers of the Kaiser and getting away with breaking treaties and violating the neutrality of small nations
 * There was anti German Propaganda

Major Battles
 * The U.S. entered very late in the war

Weapons
 * Machine guns, fighters, battleship fleet

**__Matrix 3: Effect of War__**

Germany
Location and Description of Country 1920
 * In 1920 Germany was no longer bordered by Russia to the east but now the independent states of Poland
 * One of the conditions for a more favorable peace was the abdication of the Kaiser
 * Germany lost territory in the East in the Peace treaty that the allied powers used to create a Polish State
 * Alsace – Lorraine was returned to France, two small territories were given to Belgium, and the French received mining rights in the Saarland

Cost of Life: Casualties
 * The German army suffered 1,773,700 deaths over the course of the war
 * The German army had 4,216,058 wounded
 * 1,152,800 soldiers in the German army were taken prisoner or missing
 * The total casualties numbered 7,142,558 which was 64.9 percent of the total number of soldiers mobilized

Destruction of Property / Cost
 * The cost of the War for Germany in U.S. dollars was $37,775,000,000
 * The German army inflicted severe destruction on Belgium and France
 * German land remained pretty much untouched
 * The Germans had to pay only for the losses suffered by the civilians of French and British civilians and their property

Emotional Impact of The War
 * In the years after WWI the Nazis exaggerated the callousness of the allies and their policies, such as continuing to blockade Germany until March 1919.
 * The German people felt wronged
 * Order broke down after the end of hostilities due to a power vacuum, competing governmental groups tried to control the state much like in Russia after the fall of the Tsar but before the complete takeover by the Bolsheviks
 * The defeat of Germany hurt the pride of the people, as seen in the Kiel where sailors mutinied because they were unwilling to end the war because of their officers’ pride
 * Political strife resulted after armistice in Germany, the moderate Socialists with help of the Free Corps unit suppressed the Bolsheviks but the people were always suspicious from that point on

Economic Impact of The War
 * There was a huge economic impact on Germany that resulted from the British blockade during the war.
 * Germany was allowed to only maintain a small army of 100,000 men
 * The High Seas Fleet was taken away in the Peace
 * Germany lost all her colonies

United Kingdom
Location and Description of Country 1920
 * The countries borders did not change other than part of Ireland reverted back to being independent

Cost of Life: Casualties
 * The British army suffered 908,371 deaths over the course of the war
 * 2,090,212 soldiers were wounded
 * 191,652 soldiers were missing or taken prisoner
 * The British army’s total casualties numbered 3,190,235 which was 35.8% of the total force mobilized

Destruction of Property / Cost
 * The cost of the War for Great Britain in U.S. dollars was $35,334,012,000

Emotional Impact of The War

Economic Impact of The War
 * Wished for Germany to pay for the full cost of the war but the U.S. wouldn’t allow it

France
Location and Description of Country 1920
 * The war in the West was fought primarily on French soil and as a result France suffered
 * Regained Alsace – Lorraine and mining rights in Saarland

Cost of Life: Casualties
 * During the course of the war 1,357,800 French soldiers were killed
 * 4,266,000 soldiers were wounded
 * 537,000 soldiers were taken prisoner or missing
 * The total casualties suffered over the course of the war was 6,160,800 or 76.3% of the total force mobilized

Destruction of Property / Cost
 * The cost of the War for France in U.S. dollars was $24,265,583,000
 * North Eastern France was devastated as a result of the fighting

Emotional Impact of The War
 * Realized that now without their Russian ally and the continuation of the imbalance of power between France and Germany that France was at possibly greater risk than before the war

Economic Impact of The War
 * The industrial North East of France was devastated

Russia
Location and Description of Country 1920
 * The rule of the Tsar had degenerated during WWI until the Bolshevik uprising, overthrowing the Tsar and establishing a Socialist government under Lenin
 * Russia lost territory in the West as a result of the treaty of Brest – Litovsk
 * Russian Civil War ended in 1920

Cost of Life: Casualties
 * During the course of the war 1,700,000 Russian soldiers died
 * 4,950,000 soldiers were wounded
 * 2,500,000 soldiers were taken prisoner or missing
 * The total casualties suffered over the course of the war was 9,150,000 or 76.3 % of the total force mobilized

Destruction of Property / Cost
 * The cost of the War for Russia in U.S. dollars was $22,293,950,000

Emotional Impact of The War
 * Lenin came to power and used his secret police force (the Cheka) to kill anyone suspected of opposition
 * A large number of the peasants did not support the Bolsheviks and resisted

Economic Impact of The War

Austria – Hungary
Location and Description of Country 1920
 * Austria-Hungary dissolved into the separate countries of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, and Hungary

Cost of Life: Casualties
 * During the course of the war 1,200,000 Austria - Hungarian soldiers died
 * 3,620,000 soldiers were wounded
 * 2,200,000 soldiers were taken prisoner or missing
 * The total casualties suffered over the course of the war was 7,020,000 or 90% of the total force mobilized

Destruction of Property / Cost
 * The cost of the War for Austria – Hungary in U.S. dollars was $20,622,960,000

Emotional Impact of The War
 * The different ethnic and national groups within Austria – Hungary clamored for equal rights and / or independence

Economic Impact of The War

United States
Location and Description of Country 1920
 * The United States did not lose or gain any territory in the War

Cost of Life: Casualties
 * The 126,000 U.S. soldiers were killed during the course of the war
 * 234,300 soldiers were wounded
 * 4,500 soldiers were taken prisoner or missing
 * The casualties suffered by the United States only amounted to 364,800 which was 8.2% of the total force mobilized

Destruction of Property / Cost
 * The cost of the War in U.S dollars was $22,625,253,000
 * The only property damage the U.S. received was the loss of some shipping

Emotional Impact of The War
 * Entering into a European conflict forced the U.S. to give up her isolationist policies that she had held since the time of the Founding Fathers

Economic Impact of The War
 * Because the U.S. entered the war later than the other countries, she was able to export large amounts of goods to the belligerent countries