WWI+Project-Dan+Olsen

  __United States__   -Location and Description -Bordered by Mexico and Canada; center of North Amfile -Geography very diverse; Northeast cold winters, South very hot, West coast very tropical-Mountain Ranges consisted of Appalachian and Rocky Mts; large river (Mississippi) separated the East from West-contained fertile land, forests, coal iron and oil -Social Conditions Before WWI  -Many immigrants came over from Europe as a result of the Irish Potato Famine and chance to live the "American Dream"; make a living for oneself-Population went from 50 million in 1880 to 89 million in 1900-14th Amendment did little to help blacks; industrialists and financiers used blacks in a way for personal gain  -Economic Conditions before WWI -Overcame 2 depressions in 1870's and 1890's; one of 'economic wonders' in modern history-immigrants contributed to the growth of major cities, reinforced economic expansion and helped bring along a mass market-Between 1900-1914, manufacturing doubled and overtook agriculture as the main source of national wealth-America of 20th century was mostly industrial, with growth of cities and railways linking the midwest and east-meatpacking, food canning, and cars became important industries-U.S. was able to supply for its population and still export items; unmatched by any European power-the coming-along of labor unions; helped improve conditions for the working man and was eventually supported by President Theodore Roosevelt-from 1897-1914, farmers had their crop double in value; dubbed the 'golden age'-there was a gap between the rich and poor; resulted from families such as the Vanderbilts, Morgans, Rockefellers and Harrimans Political Conditions before WWI  -A democratic government, very similar to the Parliamentary system in Britain; system of checks and balances-A legislative, executive and judicial branch-Roosevelt and his successors---like Wilson and Taft---helped give more power to the executive and changed the climate of the American public opinion- 'Progressive' became a loose label of varied ills in American society; publicized by journalists called the 'Muckrakers'-Socialist Labor Party Could not establish itself as a serious force in politics-Theodore Roosevelt 1st president to play a role as a world statesman... 'Speak softly and carry a big stick'-Acted as a mediator between Japan and Russia in 1905-Hosted a peace conference at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which ended the Russo-Japanese War-Went on a cruise with the newly-refurbished Navy to show the power of the United States around the world-Spanish-American War of 1898; started a imperialist policy... intervened in Latin America and used the Monroe Doctrine to say reason why they got involved-Continued imperialism with annexation of Puerto Rico; Wilson later intervened in Mexico Alliances  -Great Britain and United States signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty; U.S. granted the right to defend the Panama Canal
 * __Matrix 1: Before the War__ **

__France__  -Location and Description  -Artistic Capital of Europe-Bordered Spain in the South West; Germany in the Northeast-Pyrenees Mountains, coastal plains in the North, and the start of the Alps in the South-East -Social Conditions before WWI  -slander against Jews that wasn't seen anywhere else in a civilized country-Deeply conservative-supporters of the church very rich and powerful; peasantry divided in the West and Lorraine; conservative and supported by the Church-less well-off middle class and lower officials generally fervid in their anti-clericalism-December 1905; a Law of Separation of Church and State passed -Economic Conditions before WWI  -No experience of rapid industrialization; from 1866-1906, occupations of majority only altered slightly-productivity on land and in industry rose; possessed large iron reserves in French Lorraine-France won 1st place in provision in capital finance, and large investment went to Russia, which helped in international relations Political Conditions before WWI  -majority groups of parliamentary lower Chamber were determined to defeat threats from the extreme right or left-political power depended on management of elected Chamber-with elected government, there existed an administration with an ethos and little connection to the government; little modified since Napoleon-head of state was chief executive, while prefects were state's representatives in each of 90 geographical departments-prefects were kept aloof from politics; not elected and controlled enormous patronage in their department; guarantee of stability and conservatism-Dreyfus affair caused the republicans to unite and triumph in May 1902, winning more seats than that of the opposition-Before 1904, French government depended on support of a number of political groupings in the Chamber-Socialism developed late but rapidly (extreme left); didn't work well with other parties-a small group of writers led by Charles Maurras formed Comite de I' Action Francaise; had ideals of fascism (extreme right); an aristocratic elite would rule the country and crush Socialism-Revolutionary workers movement known as syndicalism; believed the worker should have no confidence in the parliamentary Republic-Brought together in Confederation Generale du Travail (CGT); adhered to program of direct action... ultimate weapon was general strike-Only contained 7 per cent of population-about 700,000 people-Despite loss in Franco-Prussian war, France did not turn in on herself; weakness thrust it back up to prominence to keep balance of powers among world powers Alliances <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Treaty with Russian in 1894 was bedrock of French foreign policy-Stated if France was attacked by Germany or by Italy supported by germany, then Russia would attack Germany; if Russia was attacked by Germany or by Austria supported by Germany, France would attack Germany-2nd Article had to do with mobilization; if any one of The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria or Hungary) mobilized, then France and Russia would mobilize -All in all, France could get involved in a Austria-Russia conflict; one main fear was the prospect of having to face Germany alone-French advised Russians to exercise caution and warned them against the use of the alliance to push national regional interests; Russians did the same-Before 1905, Britain and France hated each other; however, Germany soon loomed as the obstacle to French colonial ambitions-In April 1904, Theophile Delcasse reached an agreement with Britain; main purpose was to gain Britain's consent to French predominance in Morocco, and in return France would cease to make difficulties for Britain regarding Egypt-Moroccan issue in 1905 and 1911 tore down any relations between France and Germany; boosted relations between France and Britain __United Kingdom__ Location and Description <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -constitutional monarchy consisting of England, northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales; UK is surrounded by the [|Atlantic Ocean], the [|North Sea], the [|English Channel] and the [|Irish Sea] Social Conditions Before WWI <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -people feared another depression and saw Britain lagging behind in industry compared to the US and Germany-very slow population growth; gained 10 million people in 30 years compared to the US gaining 40 million people in 30 years-state system of primary and secondary schools introduced Economic Conditions Before WWI -argued that Britain's industrial management wasn't good enough-Britain's wealth not matched by any European state-Britain continued to rely on traditional industries, i.e. cotton textiles-Coal industry boomed; 1 million employed-Foreign investors invaded the British market-Old-age pensions introduced in 1908 by Herbert Asquith; removed fear of workhouse for the aged-Colonel Secretary Joseph Chamberlain principal advocate for a imperial movement for unity; great tariff reform campaign from 1903-1905; failed to carry whole country because campaign would spark high food prices Political Conditions before WWI <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Two houses in Parliament; House of Commons and House of Lords-Also consisted of a monarch and prime minister-there was a readiness by government and parliament to accept the wishes of the people; very different from Germany-follow the political path of evolution, not revolution-trade union movement evolved; convinced that involvement in parliamentary politics was necessary for the working man to improve his standard of living-House of Lords saw the indirect taxes on tobacco and spirits would destroy their privileges-November 1909; House of Lords threw out the budget with the intention of submitting the issue to the electorate; Liberals tried to take this on and failed-Caused the Conservatives to gain some power-1911 House of Lords passed bill that gave their consent to limit their powers-a division among all the areas of the British Empire regarding racial matters; an iron fist type government on minorities in the territories while the white colonies had self-government Alliances <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Britain allied with Japan against in 1902; first instance in which an Asian country and European power had an alliance -Entente Cordiale; no official treaty between France and Britain but improved the relationship that existed between these former enemies-Britain signed treaty with U.S. (see US section for name); Britain withdrew its fleet from the Caribbean and left Canada undefended-2 Treaties with Germany; one in 1913 that divided up colonies in Africa, Mozambique and Angola; in which Germany would get a good share if Portugal got rid of its possessions-1914; helped Germany realize its plans for a Berlin-Baghdad railway project and facilitated German commercial penetration of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia __Germany__ <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Location and Description -Chancellor Bismarck had unified 25 kingdoms/principalities (the biggest being Prussia) into the German empire-Bordered by Russia in the East; to the South was Austria-Hungary and bordered by France in the West-Had colonies in Africa; such as German East Africa, South-West Africa, Togo and Cameroon; also Rwanda, Burundi (modern day names) Social Conditions before WWI <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -67 Million people; 2nd largest European Nation behind Russia-huge gap between the few rich and many poor-used system opposite to that of Britain; Britain would have wealthier groups of society acquiesced in the necessary political and social adjustments and have less wealthy participate in government through radical electoral reform-conditions never really threatened Germany with violence and civil war-German people felt a strong sense of national pride in the 'fatherland' -german society felt good before their war about their might, but worried in isolation

Economic Conditions before WWI <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Admiral Tirpitz caused a great rise in industry; trying to create a world-class navy-Germany made almost as much coal as Britain, doubled them in pig iron and tripled Britain's steel production-From 1871-1914, Germany's agricultural output doubled, the value of her industrial production quadrupled and her oversees trade more than tripled<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Political Conditions before WWI -Reichstag-mix of traditional 19th century institutions, together with an imperial Parliament-Reichstag was an entirely separate parliamentary body; elected by universal manhood suffrage-power to raise taxes divided between the Reichstag and the undemocratic Prussian parliament; Reichstag could only tax indirectly; power went to the state parliaments... however it could deny the imperial government the money it needed-constitution of 1871 gave tremendous power to the emperor-even opposition conceded power to the emperor-Kaiser Wilhelm II was intelligent with good impulse but highly emotional and unpredictable-did not act constitutionally; left most power to his military; manipulated by others often-judiciary remained independent and guaranteed the civil rights of the population and a free press-political education of public increased steadily-Weltpolitik, the political ideal of the expansion and growing power of Germany, was philosophy of all Germany's leaders-Leaders felt that Germany was in the middle surrounded by a bunch of enemies; led to more expansion in military-'Free hand'... exploiting international differences-Bullied Russia in Bosnian crisis and attempted to coerce French in Morocco... again Alliances<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -German-Russian Alliance in 1905; stillborn because Russian ministers would not abandon French Alliance against Germany-Triple Alliance; treaty with Austria-Hungary and Italy-Britain before 1900's was willing to work in close collaboration with Germany-1904 Germany had a settlement with France in which France gained predominance in Morocco; later, Germany pledged its support to the Sultan of Morocco against the French __Austria-Hungary__ Location and Description <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Used to be called the Habsburg Empire-Austrian half of empire used to be called Hungary and Cis-Leithania-Bordered Russia in the East and Germany to the North-Monaric union between Austrian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary-Contained countries like Checo-Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Social Conditions before WWI -nationalism threatened to divide and threaten to break up the empire-dualism was seen as a device to exclude the Slav majority from the rightful and equal place in the empire-21 million Slavs became a minority in a population of about 50 million-Slavs were not unified in religion, social structure or tradition-Polish gentry in Austria had special privileges; Czechs here and there had some special rights-Serb, Croat and Slovene cultural development was restricted-Magyars allowed a special status to the Croats but excluded Slovaks and Serbs from any share of power or from exercising autonomous rights-high reputation for justice... except for political offences-patriotism meant Magyar patriotism; anything else was treated harshly Economic Conditions before WWI<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -backward in economic development as well as in the numerous poor people-Production did increase in 10 years in Raw-Cotton consumption, coal and lignite output, pig-iron output, and steel output-agricultural backwardness and an increasing population caused peasants in Galacia to be very poor-in Bohemia and lower Austria, agriculture and industry caused these regions to be very prosperous-Hungary was mostly agriculture while Austria was industrial-despite fast rate of growth in industry, empire lagged far behind other European powers -most successful agriculturally parts were also most successfully industrial-in 1911, textiles, clothing, tobacco, foodstuffs along with wood, leather and paper contributed to 2/3 of Austrian half of industrial output-military and economic weaknesses made foreign ministers cautious and conservative<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Political Conditions Before WWI -settlement of 1867 granted to each half of the empire its own government with control in internal affairs; included powers to decide what rights were to be conceded to other nationalities living in the jurisdiction of the country-finance, foreign matters and military matters was responsibility of Vienna; emperor was commander-in-chief of the army-1907 manhood suffrage; Hungarian parliament had more power over Hungarian government than Austria parliament had on the Austrian government-contirbutions to general budget were to be decided at 10 years at a time-imperial policies in war and foreign ppolicies decided by a few men-Austrian politics marred by antics of German nationalist and anti-Semitic Christian Socialists-from 1908-1914, old nationality took over manhood suffrage-government was well governed due to incorruptible and intelligent and fair-minded bureaucracy of civil servants-foreign policy based on importance of tradition and of dynastic rule and opposition to nationalism -Foreign Minister Count Aehrenthal wished to convert Monarchy's position in Bosnia-Herzegovina from permanently occupying power to one of sovereignty-breakdown between Russia and Austria prolonged Bosnian crisis<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Alliances -Member of Triple Alliance (with Italy and Germany)<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> __Russia__ <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Location and Description -largest Western state-population remained ahead of US-stretched from European frontiers with Germany and Austria-Hungary through the Middle East and Asia to the coast of the Pacific Ocean-only nation larger was China-1914 some hundred district national people had been incorporated into Russia-contained modern-day countries like Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Social Conditions before WWI<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Jews were persecuted relentlessly; Orthodox form of Christianity and Slavs were superior-very rural; 80 per cent of population were peasants dependent on weather and harvest-religion was a type of escape; half of population was illiterate-peasantry were burdened with industrialization;cheap labor force-1905; peasantry looted and burned countryside and appropriated landlords' land-reason was loss of authority suffered by tsarist autocracy during Russo-Japanese War-on January 22 (Bloody Sunday) 200,000 people marched to seek redress of their grievances from the Tsar-Several hundred killed; spell of a beneficent tsar broken-in November 1905, peasants could become the legal proprietor of their own land-Peter Stolypin, chairman on Council of Ministers, suppressed rights of nationalists and launched war on terrorism <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Economic Conditions before WWI -rapid acceleration growth in Russian economy started 40 years after the US-rapid in 1890s then followed by a great depression-industrialization was promoted by Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance-a protective tariff, a stable currency linked to gold, and high interest rates attracted massive foreign capital, especially France-railways helped develop large-scale and modern industry-despite having a population 4 times of France, both countries had about the same industrial production<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-problem with Russian agriculture was gigantic, due to over-population, lack of capital, lack of knowledge, and simple peasant resistance to change -rapid industrialization promoted by the state, spread of education, political agitation, and the continuing of population all produced severe social tensions-high agriculture prices and reforms benefited the rural population, but in towns standard of living did not improve-workers gained limited rights to form trade unions <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Political Conditions before WWI -'The world should be surprised that we have any government in Russia, not that we have an imperfect government.' -Sergei Witte-autocracy was only answer to lawlessness and dissolution-consultative assembly, known as Duma; Duma would approve laws before they were introduced-October Manifesto 1905; promised to bring a parliamentary body with whom the Tsar would share power; made no impression on the population-opportunity of transforming Russia into a constitutional state by working with moderate liberal opinion spurned on by Tsar-Nicholas II was inequal to task of ruling Russia-dominated by wife, Empress Alexandra; she was influenced by magic of Rasputin, whose spiritual healing helped their son, Tsarevich-decided to expand into Asia and Pacific area rather than Western Europe-Russia maintained policy of good relations with Prussia and Austria-Hungary-in Asia, most conflicts involved Great Britain-determined to leave their own way open to exploitation of Manchuria and Northern China while keeping other European powers and Japan away from frontiers in Asia Alliances<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -in 1887 Three Emperors Alliance with Germany and Austria was not renewed and then in 1890 the Russo-German treaty was not extended-French Alliance (more info in French section); more of a defensive alliance

__Matrix #2: Reasons to Enter the War__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif;"> __United States__ <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> Major Reasons <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Zimmerman Telegram; called for Germany to ally with Mexico and in return for Mexico's support, Germany would help Mexico regain lands it lost in Mexican-American War (like Texas and Arizona)-American Cargo Ships were being attacked by German Submarines without warning-Sinking of the Passenger ship Lusitania by Germans<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Civilian Reaction <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-supported it after a while because of reasons involved; German attacks on passenger ships and Zimmerman telegram -at first, they were wondering why the US was entering a foreign war-people saw war as not on Germany but on militarily crazed rulers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Was Support there by Public? <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-took advice of American Founding Fathers; keep in policy of isolation and didn't want to get involved in European affairs before 1917-People saw it as not directly affecting the US, so why should the US get involved in a European struggle?-November 1916- People elected Woodrow Wilson because of his stance on neutrality<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-war in Europe was another chapter in the history of folly of European nations -Americans convinced they were building a higher civilization and that would stem a genuine desire to help their neighbors on American continent and in the world attain the blessings of liberty; very missionary-like-However, intervention in Mexico and Latin America not like imperialism in Europe; it was to teach democracy to underprivileged-despite feelings for the Allies, Americans stood by President in staying out of the war <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Leaders -President Woodrow Wilson; kept US out of war with policy of neutrality-General John J. Pershing was head of forces in Europe-Robert Lansing was Secretary of State<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Troop Numbers -4,355,000 troops mobilized<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Propaganda: Pro or Anti-War? -very passionate about propaganda posters; produced more than any other nation-most had to do with recruitment but some had to do with <span style="font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;">r aising of war finance via the hugely successful liberty bond issues-at the beginning of WWI, USA was target of Germany and Allied Propaganda (see Germany and Britain)<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Major Battles -fresh arrival of Troops in France helped protect Paris and help realize to the Germans that the war was almost over-Battle of the Marne (2nd); US helped the Allies stall what was the last real offensive by the Germans and Austria-Hungary-US came in very late in the war and helped mostly with naval excursions... keeping the Germans at bay and helping supply ships come in to help the Allies in the western front<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> __France__ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Major Reasons <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -keep the balance of powers; Germany was starting to become too powerful-Germany declared war on them and France's ally Russia; bound to a treaty-worried about colonies in Africa if France lost the war-remain victors for foreseeable future<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Civilian Reaction -political and social issues were thrown under the bus to face a common enemy-Pacifist Socialist Leader Jean Jaures, who denounced militarism and had worked for Franco-German reconciliation, was assassinated on eve of war-national unity representing all parties from left and right<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Was Support there by Public? -yes because it couldn't be "business as usual" (Churchill) because right from the get-go France was in imminent danger of being defeated-also, the population did not want to be subject to German jurisdiction-in 1917 there were mutinies and the country was suffering from 2 1/2 years of the war; bitterness and despair, fear of mutilation and death reopened old wounds of social schism<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Leaders -General Joffre was French Commander-In-Chief-General Gallieni was assigned to defend Paris in the beginning of the war-President Poincare called for 'sacred union' in defense of the fatherland-Viviani was French Prime Minister-Petain was French hero defender; brought mutinies under control and along with veteran politician Georges Clemenceau helped embody the population with a fighting spirit <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Troop Numbers -8,410,000 troops mobilized<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Propaganda: Pro or Anti-War? -prompt in advertising for more men; also pled for the justice of the French cause<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Major Battles -1914 offensive into Lorraine cost French 300,000 casualties -initiative overshadowed by German breakthrough into NW France-Battle of the Marne; September 6-13-German offensive ran out of steam and General Gallieni, appointed to protect Paris, came with a counterattack-Germans retreated and made a firm defense 100 kilometers from Paris; there was a continuing of struggles around Ypres; battle also included British troops-in NW France, France was suffering almost a million casualties (wounded and killed) and Germany could match that (in number of casualties) <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> __United Kingdom__ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Major Reasons <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -loose alliance with France-main reason was Germany infringing on the neutrality of Belgium-concerned with the ever-expanding German Navy-maintain balance of power in Europe<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Civilian Reaction -2 million people volunteered for the army in response to Kitchener's appeal to a new army-Asquith strengthened the government by bringing in conservatives and Labor found a place-political truce was proclaimed <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Was Support there by Public? -despite individual rights being lost as the war went on, people accepted state direction and organized labor that co-operated with the national government-style was cooperation rather than coercion; preserving constitutional parliamentary government rather than authoritarian rule<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Leaders -Lloyd George replaced Asquith and headed a coalition government for the remainder for the war-Asquith headed Liberal government and preserved most civic freedoms-General Sir William Robertson was Chief of the Imperial General Staff-Arthur Balfour was Foreign Secretary-Field Marshal Lord Haig was criticized for losses sustained in Flanders-Winston Churchill had some control over naval matters<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Troop Numbers -8,904,467 troops mobilized<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Propaganda: Pro or Anti-War? -dwelt on rights of small nations and dangers to peaceful Europe if Kaiser and Prussian militarism were to get away with breaking treaties and attacking weaker neighbors-sometimes featured Lord Kitchener saying 'Your country wants you!'-most urged help in the economy during wartime; others encouraged support for government policy-whipped up indignation against the latest alleged outraged committed by the German army; tried to get US on their side<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Major Battles -in February and March 1915 naval attack by French and Britain on Dardanelles repelled by Turks -April 1915 British and French troops landed on Gallipoli peninsula trying to capture Constantinople; this resulted in a failure on the part of the Anglo-French army-Huge offensive launched by French and British (and Joffre and Haig); in the autumn offensive alone, the Allies lost 242,000 men-Somme offensive was plan of Allies to attack the central powers; only Russians gained a real victory-Launched many offensives from 1916-1918 against the Turks to become a military power in that region-Italians defeated at Battle of Caporetto in October 1917 but Allies helped man a new line of defense <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">__Germany__ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Major Reasons <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Was an ally to Austria-Hungary; Triple Alliance-Kaiser gave Austria-Hungary a 'blank check'; Germany would help them in any action they would take-Weltpolitik; held Germany needed to expand and become a world power or be taken over by the Allies-Schlieffan Plan called for quick defeat of France (about 39 days) before Russia could fully mobilize and attack from the East-weaken France and England so they would not threaten Germany in the future<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Civilian Reaction -a civilian Walter Rathenau set up centralized organization to ensure supply of essential raw materials-political parties closed ranks to support the nation at war-only a small amount of socialists continued to oppose the war<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Was Support there by Public? -with blockade by British navy, there was a necessity for the people to make new materials with scientific skill and ingenuity-were the first to organize manpower and production-people were very supportive nonetheless<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Leaders -General von Hindenburg called from retirement to take command of German defense and chose General Ludendorff as his chief of staff in 1917; both called for the removal of Chancellor Hollweg-Kaiser Wilhelm II was leader of Germany in name-General Falkenhayn lead offensive on Wester Front and came in conflict with Hundenburg and Ludendorff, which they wanted attack in the east-General Moltke was indecisive in invasion of France<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Troop Numbers -11,000,000 troops mobilized<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Propaganda: Pro or Anti-War? -said they were fighting a despotic and cruel regime in Russia regarding the Russian policy of killing many Jews; tried to have US join there side-launched a huge campaign of hatred against Britain, which had little effect on those in battle-led troops to think the Belgians had atrocities, led to mass killings in neutral Belgium-not adverse in appealing for more men, and for stating the justice of their decision to enter in the war

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Major Battles -Battle of Tannenburg August 28 and 29; One Russian Army was pretty much destroyed, the other mauled in a subsequent engagement (Battle of Masurian Lakes); that army, however, did escape into Russia-celebrated by Germans as in tradition of Ancient Teutonic knights defeating hordes of Slavs-General Falkenhayn failed to take Verdun or limit casualties with the use of artillery; summer to autumn 1916-Battle of Jutland May 1916; both the Germans and Brits claimed victory but Germans decided to not test the British navy again in the war-March 1918 Generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff mounted huge offensive in the West; troops almost got to Paris-Allied counteroffensives to last offensive by Germany found an enemy not willing to fight; Germany was losing their allies and the Dual Empire was falling apart

<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">__Austria-Hungary__ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Major Reasons <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -"blank check" from Germany; gave Austria a sense of strength and help if they go to war-assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinad caused Austrian government to have anger at the Serbians and was an excuse to deal with Serbia once and for all-sent ultimatum to Serbia regarding the assassination of the Archduke and Serbia rejected one of the ultimatum sections; Austria saw this as rejection and declared war-needed to keep prestige as a world power and not make it seem that Serbia is bullying the Habsburg Empire<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Civilian Reaction -Austria-Hungary could've been on verge on collapse when Serbs and Russians went to war because of the amount of different ethnic groups that were Austria-Hungary (like Serbs and Russians-Serb, Ruthene and Czech populatios were lukewarm in war effort-Some Czechs and Poles formed own legions and fought for Allies, but no large-scale defections or national uprisings-Croats, Slovenes, Italians, and Romanians fought with Germans, Austrians and Magyars-Hungarians refused to go short of grain and raised prices in Austria part<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Was Support there by Public? -'national' division between Austria and Hungary impeded war effort-substantial German armies were necessary to meet all her enemies because Austria-Hungary was weak-there were mixed feelings about the war; no real unity-army remained loyal to dynasty until the end of the war<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Leaders -aged Emperor Francis Joseph died in 1916; Charles succeeded him and secretly tried for peace-news of the assassination made the foreign minister Count Berchtold want to go to warHungarian Prime Minister Count Tisza opposed the war-Count Hoyos was messanger between Joseph and the Kaiser regarding status of whether Germany would back up Austria-Hungary-Chief of Staff Conrad von Hotzendorf warned the army was not ready <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Troop Numbers -7,800,000 troops mobilized<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Propaganda: Pro or Anti-War? -attempted to win over the population; Poles were promised an independent state; there was going to be no maltreatment and the Poles of Prussia and Habsburg Monarchy fought with much loyalty for Germany and Habsburg Empire-subject of many harsh posters (one is the Emperor is buried to his neck in blood); subject of propaganda because they were first to declare war<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Major Battles -Austria-Hungary launched a huge offensive into Poland and in September almost half (400,000) of the army was lost and Russia occupied Galicia; Russia also suffered a quarter of a million men lost; pretty much crushed war effort for the Austrian-Hungarian empire-lost 2 million men in the first 9 months of the war-Battle of Caporretto was invasion of Italy by German and Austrian forces; Austrians ran out of resources and retreated-Battles of Isozno was failure on Italians part and part-success for Austria-Hungary; used rivers as advantages<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">__Russia__ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Major Reasons <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -Knew that the French had their back in case of a German attack-Did not want to be unprepared in case France did fall to the German offensive-Serbia had a treaty with them and Russia entered because Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdnad-acquire Constantinople and the Straits-"destroy German imperialism"

Civilian Reaction<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> -the 'home front' was first to collapse; suffered 7 million casualties in 2 years<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-blamed ineffectual government -Rasputin was killed in 1916 to the rejoicing of many peoples-many peasants were withholding food and were unwilling to accept paper money; in a state of unrest when the war broke out

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Was Support there by Public? <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-in winter of 1916/1917 the work force that made items for the army was becoming unsupportable-Revolution was successful because the army was not loyal to the tsar-dissatisfaction was on the wife of the Tsar and the administration and government which permitted such gross management <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Leaders -Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was one who brought Communism to Russia in Revolution of 1917; follower of Karl Marx writing-Trotsky was a sidekick of Lenin who inspired the masses (mostly workers)-Tsar Nicholas II was under the influence of his army; spent a great deal at army headquarters-Empress Alexandra was a narrow-minded, autocratic woman-two leading Bolsheviks (Lev Kamenev and Joseph Stalin) were ready to co-operate with the 'bourgeois' revolution-General Kornilov was commander-in-chief; led offensive in Galacia<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Troop Numbers <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-12,000,000 troops mobilized <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Propaganda: Pro or Anti-War? -since there were so many people in Russia, it wasn't necessary to make recruitment posters; there would be no shortage of men-there was some to encourage public investment in government bonds and some in early Soviet era denouncing anti-Bolshevik figures<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Major Battles -in successive Austrian and German offensives from January-September 1915, the Russians suffered heavy defeats, were driven from German territory as well as Habsburg Galicia and gave up lots of territory, mainly Poland-Russian retreat demorialized the Russian Army; a million prisoners and a loss of another million in battle-General Brusilov destroyed Austro-Hungarian war effort-However, Russia failed to defeat the Germans in the east; Busilov offensive was last major military effort before Russian Revolution--some major events regarding Russian Revolution; General Kornilov marched on Petrograd trying to destroy Bolsheviks; he was ordered to lay down his command; refused and proclaimed himself a savior; ended in a fiasco -the Bolshevik Militia retained their arms<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> __Matrix #3: Effects of War__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">

__United States__ <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Soldier's Life at War -the trenches were the home away from home-death was a common visitor; soldiers were sometimes buried in mortar attacks-if a soldier intruded into no-mans land, certain death from a sniper of machine gun was imminent-rats in the millions intruded on the trenches; they would spread infection and contaminate food-lice caused trench fever; started with severe pain then a high fever; recovery usually took 12 weeks-trench foot; fungal infection of feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions-trench cycle; serve in front line, followed by support lines, then in the reserve; period of rest would follow then all over again-morning stand to; stand up and fact the enemy with bayonets ready to repel an attack-would be served breakfast and rum, then clean and have rifles inspected by officers-then chores would be issued, like refilling sandbags and emptying out water from the trenches-movement was usually restricted to night, so hours of boredom was normal in the hours before-sometimes patrols were sent out to gain info or fix barbed wire; if they did meet with an enemy battalion, resort to hand-to-hand fighting as not to attract machine gun fire-rotting carcases lay around the battlefield by the thousands; the smell was unbearable to soldiers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Weapons -bayonets; put on end of rifles in a charge on the enemies trench-grenades; Mills Bombs and Jam Pots-machine guns-pistols-tanks-trench mortars; ancient weapon given new life-saw airplane as useless until start of war; a huge advantage<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Location and Description (1920) -The US neither gained or lost territory during the war<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Casualties -126,000 killed-234,300 wounded-4,500 prisoners of war or missing in action-total casualties of 364,800, which was about 8.2% of troops mobilized<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Destruction of Property/Cost -22,625,253,000 (cost in 1914-1918 in American Dollars)<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Economic Impact <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> -freed the individual from wartime control and businesses went on expanding American prosperity-more money integrated into steel, railroads and industry-7 years of economic expansion led by growth of automobile industry, electrical machinery and appliances and buildings<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">__France__ <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Soldier's Life at War <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-the trenches were the home away from home-death was a common visitor; soldiers were sometimes buried in mortar attacks-if a soldier intruded into no-mans land, certain death from a sniper of machine gun was imminent-rats in the millions intruded on the trenches; they would spread infection and contaminate food-lice caused trench fever; started with severe pain then a high fever; recovery usually took 12 weeks-trench foot; fungal infection of feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions-trench cycle; serve in front line, followed by support lines, then in the reserve; period of rest would follow then all over again-morning stand to; stand up and fact the enemy with bayonets ready to repel an attack-would be served breakfast and rum, then clean and have rifles inspected by officers-then chores would be issued, like refilling sandbags and emptying out water from the trenches-movement was usually restricted to night, so hours of boredom was normal in the hours before-sometimes patrols were sent out to gain info or fix barbed wire; if they did meet with an enemy battalion, resort to hand-to-hand fighting as not to attract machine gun fire-rotting carcases lay around the battlefield by the thousands; the smell was unbearable to soldiers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Weapons <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-bayonets; put on end of rifles in a charge on the enemies trench-grenades; Mills Bombs and Jam Pots-machine guns-pistols-tanks-trench mortars; ancient weapon given new life-poison gas; first used by French-saw airplane as useless until start of war; a huge advantage <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Location and Description (1920) -most of war was fought on France's Eastern Front; devastating damage to farms and cities-regained Alsace-Lorraine from Germans and more territory in East-no new territory in mainland Europe<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Casualties -1,357,800 killed-4,266,000 wounded-537,000 prisoners of war or missing in action-6,160,800 total casualties; about 76.3% of troops mobilized<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Destruction of Property/Cost -24,265,583,000 (cost in 1914-1918 in American Dollars)<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Economic Impact -Northern industry in France was devastated-had to cope with task of reconstruction in war-torn regions-government had financed war with loans from US and Britain-dependent on reparations from Germany and goodwill of Britain and US-were able to make a recovery with well-though out plans-control of industry handed back to owners; workers were discontent-undoing of the government was the inability to master the financial situation-Poincare restored France to financial health by raising taxes and cutting expenditure<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">__United Kingdom__ <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Soldier's Life at War <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-the trenches were the home away from home-death was a common visitor; soldiers were sometimes buried in mortar attacks-if a soldier intruded into no-mans land, certain death from a sniper of machine gun was imminent-rats in the millions intruded on the trenches; they would spread infection and contaminate food-lice caused trench fever; started with severe pain then a high fever; recovery usually took 12 weeks-trench foot; fungal infection of feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions-trench cycle; serve in front line, followed by support lines, then in the reserve; period of rest would follow then all over again-morning stand to; stand up and fact the enemy with bayonets ready to repel an attack-would be served breakfast and rum, then clean and have rifles inspected by officers-then chores would be issued, like refilling sandbags and emptying out water from the trenches-movement was usually restricted to night, so hours of boredom was normal in the hours before-sometimes patrols were sent out to gain info or fix barbed wire; if they did meet with an enemy battalion, resort to hand-to-hand fighting as not to attract machine gun fire-rotting carcases lay around the battlefield by the thousands; the smell was unbearable to soldiers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Weapons <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-bayonets; put on end of rifles in a charge on the enemies trench-grenades; Mills Bombs and Jam Pots-machine guns-pistols-tanks-trench mortars; ancient weapon given new life-saw airplane as useless until start of war; a huge advantage <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Location and Description (1920) -Ireland became independent-no new territory; country remained same<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Casualties -908,371 killed-2,090,212 wounded-191,652 prisoners of war or missing in action-3,190,235 total casualties; 35.8% of troops mobilized<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Destruction of Property/Cost -35,334,012,000 (cost in 1914-1918 in American Dollars)<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Economic Impact __ -increase in 'social justice' movement; workers wanted basic economic rights-also wanted better future for children-industry wanted to be rid of all wartime control and direction-Labor prospered upon decay of Liberal Party-no demand for ships, and shipyards were symbol of depression and unemployment-traditional trade in textiles and other goods suffered as world became poor; textile factories were springing up in Asia which drove Britain from markets-Britain was successful in second industrial revolution but it couldn't pick up the slack of pre-war exports-coal industry suffered greatly due to less demand-no government could fix the unemployment problem<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">__Germany__ <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Soldier's Life at War <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-the trenches were the home away from home-death was a common visitor; soldiers were sometimes buried in mortar attacks-if a soldier intruded into no-mans land, certain death from a sniper of machine gun was imminent-rats in the millions intruded on the trenches; they would spread infection and contaminate food-lice caused trench fever; started with severe pain then a high fever; recovery usually took 12 weeks-trench foot; fungal infection of feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions-trench cycle; serve in front line, followed by support lines, then in the reserve; period of rest would follow then all over again-morning stand to; stand up and fact the enemy with bayonets ready to repel an attack-would be served breakfast and rum, then clean and have rifles inspected by officers-then chores would be issued, like refilling sandbags and emptying out water from the trenches-movement was usually restricted to night, so hours of boredom was normal in the hours before-sometimes patrols were sent out to gain info or fix barbed wire; if they did meet with an enemy battalion, resort to hand-to-hand fighting as not to attract machine gun fire-rotting carcases lay around the battlefield by the thousands; the smell was unbearable to soldiers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Weapons <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-bayonets; put on end of rifles in a charge on the enemies trench-grenades; Mills Bombs and Jam Pots-machine guns; saw potential before 1914-pistols-tanks-trench mortars; ancient weapon given new life-flame throwers; terrorized British in 1915-poison gas; popularized by Germans-saw airplane as useless until start of war; a huge advantage <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Location and Description (1920) -not bordered by Russia anymore; now Poland is neighbor-this occured due to Treaty of Versailles; Allies took territory in East-german city of Danzig was separate from Germany and turned into a free city in which Poland and League of Nations had certain responsibilities and rights-apart from Alsace-Lorraine and two small territories which went to Belgium, Germany lost no land-Saarland placed under control of league

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Casualties -1,773,700 killed-4,216,058 wounded-1,152,800 prisoners of war or missing in action-7,142,558 total casualties; 64.9% of troops mobilized<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Destruction of Property/Cost -37,775,000,000 (cost in 1914-1918 in American Dollars)<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Economic Impact -hyperinflation; paper money was practically worthless-all goods, mainly food, became scarce; the pensioner and the weakest members of society suffered the most-only those who knew how to manipulate credit and had property got rich-army was set at 100,000 men and Germany lost colonies-reparations were scaled down in 1924 and 1929; admitted to the league of nations-during that time, the currency was stabilized-promise of peace attracted large American loans which covered cost of reparations-German industry copied American efficiency and methods-Exports flourished and there were huge cartels in steel and electrical goods-trade unions enjoyed freedom and protection<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">__Austria-Hungary__ <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Soldier's Life at War <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-the trenches were the home away from home-death was a common visitor; soldiers were sometimes buried in mortar attacks-if a soldier intruded into no-mans land, certain death from a sniper of machine gun was imminent-rats in the millions intruded on the trenches; they would spread infection and contaminate food-lice caused trench fever; started with severe pain then a high fever; recovery usually took 12 weeks-trench foot; fungal infection of feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions-trench cycle; serve in front line, followed by support lines, then in the reserve; period of rest would follow then all over again-morning stand to; stand up and fact the enemy with bayonets ready to repel an attack-would be served breakfast and rum, then clean and have rifles inspected by officers-then chores would be issued, like refilling sandbags and emptying out water from the trenches-movement was usually restricted to night, so hours of boredom was normal in the hours before-sometimes patrols were sent out to gain info or fix barbed wire; if they did meet with an enemy battalion, resort to hand-to-hand fighting as not to attract machine gun fire-rotting carcases lay around the battlefield by the thousands; the smell was unbearable to soldiers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Weapons <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-bayonets; put on end of rifles in a charge on the enemies trench-grenades; Mills Bombs and Jam Pots-machine guns-pistols-tanks-trench mortars; ancient weapon given new life-saw airplane as useless until start of war; a huge advantage <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Location and Description (1920) -lost most land; was in fault with Germany for start of war-separated into Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Hungary-distanced themselves from germany-Revolution in Vienna was bloodless as Charles I left <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Casualties -1.2 million killed-3.62 million wounded-2.2 million prisoners of war or missing in action-7,020,000 total casualties; 90% of total casualties<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Destruction of Property/Cost -20,622,960,000 (cost in 1914-1918 in American Dollars)<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Economic Impact __ -there was loss of revenue when Austria-Hungary was split, resulting in much despair and umemployment<span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">__Russia__

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;">Soldier's Life at War <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-the trenches were the home away from home-death was a common visitor; soldiers were sometimes buried in mortar attacks-if a soldier intruded into no-mans land, certain death from a sniper of machine gun was imminent-rats in the millions intruded on the trenches; they would spread infection and contaminate food-lice caused trench fever; started with severe pain then a high fever; recovery usually took 12 weeks-trench foot; fungal infection of feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions-trench cycle; serve in front line, followed by support lines, then in the reserve; period of rest would follow then all over again-morning stand to; stand up and fact the enemy with bayonets ready to repel an attack-would be served breakfast and rum, then clean and have rifles inspected by officers-then chores would be issued, like refilling sandbags and emptying out water from the trenches-movement was usually restricted to night, so hours of boredom was normal in the hours before-sometimes patrols were sent out to gain info or fix barbed wire; if they did meet with an enemy battalion, resort to hand-to-hand fighting as not to attract machine gun fire-rotting carcases lay around the battlefield by the thousands; the smell was unbearable to soldiers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Weapons <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-bayonets; put on end of rifles in a charge on the enemies trench-grenades; Mills Bombs and Jam Pots-machine guns-pistols-tanks-trench mortars; ancient weapon given new life-saw airplane as useless until start of war; a huge advantage <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Location and Description (1920) -Russian Revolution; Communist society installed led by Lenin-overthrew failing government of Tsar-states were being formed in Baltic nations (Lithuania, Lativa, Eastonia); Finalnd and Ukraine became independent-only Poland was promised freedom; in Asia calls for freedom fell on deaf ears<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Casualties -1.7 million killed-4,950,000 wounded-2.5 million prisoners of war or missing in action-9,150,000 total casualties; 76.3% of troops mobilized<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Destruction of Property/Cost -22,293,950,000 (cost in 1914-1918 in American Dollars)<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Economic Impact -in many regions there was a complete breakdown of the law, resulting in looting and living off the countryside-Socialist society called for equal opportunity<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> --To what extent can it be said that the First World War was caused by the Alliance System? <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;">-it can be said that the alliance system caused a centralized conflict to grow into a total, world war-when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia had a pledge to protect Serbia; Russia saw a war might cause social rest; Russia was on the edge of revolution after losing to Japan in Russo-Japan War (1903-1905)-Britain might not have entered the war if Germany hadn't invaded Belgium; however, Britain had a treaty with them and would protect them from any outside force (1839 Treaty of London)-Franco-Russian Military Alliance was a counter move to the Triple Alliance; since France was attacked first by Germany, Russia saw a need for partial mobilization-Entente Cordiale was diplomatic agreements between France and Britain; wasn't a military alliance but led the way for more relations to grow between these two former rivals; later Russia joined the Triple Entente by signing the Anglo-Russian Entente-1912 Britain and France did conclude a military agreement at Anglo-French Naval Convention; promised British protection of France's coastline from German naval attack and French defense of Suez Canal-Triple Alliance was treaty with Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary; a chief aim was to prevent Italy from declaring war on Austria-Hungary-there was a secret Franco-Italian Alliance in which Italy would remain neutral if Germany attacked France... which is what happened-as Henry Kissinger said in his book Diplomacy, "World War I started not because countries broke their treaties, but because they fulfilled them to the letter." <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> --Assess the Aims of 2 Countries entering the First World War. To what extent were they successful in achieving their aims? -both these countries, even with their ambitious aims, got the short end of the stick and declined as being a world power <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;"> __Germany__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;">-one aim was to gain territory; annexations, economic domination and military control-Bethmann Hollweg promised "security for the German Reich in west and east for all imaginable time"-Weltpolitik would fail in peacetime but war presented Germany with an opportunity to achieve global ambitions-it was proposed that Poland and Ukraine would be set up to weaken Russia-in west Luxembourg and places in France and Belgium (like Longwy-Briey iron-ore filed and Belgian channel) they would be involved with the german Empire to boost economic capacity against British and French hostility-France, belgium and Netherlands would be dominated in one economic union called Mitteleuropa-Africa would be dominated by Germany-French, Belgian and Portuguese colonies would be in one central region called Mittelafrika, which would supply raw materials to Germany-challenge Britain's economic and commercial hegemony-all in all, war was necessary to assert world power of Germany-not planned aggression, but fear and insecurity that motivated Germany-from all this, Germany brought the whole world against her and brought defeat upon the German Empire-Treaty of Versailles made Germany suffer territorial annexations, economic subordination and military emasculation-all this eventually led to WWII (the Treaty caused resentment in German people and again they wanted to assert their dominance to the world) __Austria-Hungary__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',sans-serif;"> -make Serbia pay for its alleged assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinad <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;">-destroy the Serbia nation and remove Serbia from the face of the planet; remove its prominence on the world stage-Austria-Hungary was worried about existence of Serbia; was viewed as a threat to its existence-Austria-Hungary wanted to remain a world power and also assert itself that it is a force to be reckoned with-in reality, no goals were accomplished; Austria-Hungary was divided into Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia-None of these countries emerged as a world power after the war; some were taken over by Germany in WWII-the Army of Austria-Hungary was destroyed and had little influence at the end of the war; always required the help of Germany-Serbia was still Serbia after the war <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">

--WWI was a total war. Why? -total war is a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded; nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war  <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;">-young men were removed from their jobs and replaced by women-all the countries mobilized their entire population and resources to achieve victory -rationing was a common thing on the home front and propaganda posters were used to divert all attention onto the War from the home front-war was now not necessarily fought by trained soldiers or mercenaries; it involved both citizen soldiers and ordinary soldiers-the rise of industry caused huge armies to fight in trench warfare with weapons advanced by technology-the home front was a new concept of war in which the civilian population was directly involved in the war-unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany included attacking allies and also the US, who was trying to help the cause of the Allies by sending supplies <span style="font-family: Garamond,sans-serif;">

--Assess the social and economic effect of WWI on two countries involved, in the ten years following the end of the war. -despite both countries being on the winning side, both countries suffered and prospered as a result from WWI <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;"> __Britain__ <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;"> -despite a huge Socialist revival, Britain would never waver from its democratic roots; too much embedded in way of life-a social justice movement occured; working people wanted basic economic rights like a decent wage and adequate support when sick-industries wanted to get rid of wartime control by the government-labor prospered when Liberal Party disintegrated; helped lead Lloyd George to a prominent figure-vote was exercised by women over 30-a movement for Ireland independence came about; 'home rule' became not enough-Irish Republican Army attacked the armed police of the Royal Irish Constabulary-IRA tried to force Britain to recognize that Ireland is independent-bloodshed, guerrilla war and the breakdown of the law soon ensued-Ireland still was part of Britain but violence still ensued; Ireland then became independent (dominion status meant independence)-Ghandi in the 1930's led non-violent protests in England; one of the most potent influences with how the poor and weak can put a check on the powerful and strong <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">- no demand for ships, and shipyards were symbol of depression and unemployment-traditional trade in textiles and other goods suffered as world became poor; textile factories were springing up in Asia which drove Britain from markets-Britain was successful in second industrial revolution but it couldn't pick up the slack of pre-war exports-coal industry suffered greatly due to less demand and less efficient mines-no government could fix the unemployment problem -1925 there was an avoidance of a strike; found favor in miners view but rejected nationalism and said pay cuts were most likely to happen <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;">-General Strike of 1926 totally shut down industrial relations __France__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;">-no country besides Russia had suffered more physical damage, human and material, than France <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;">-three Germans for every two frenchman; huge population losses-for every 10 men, two killed, one invalidated, and three were incapacitated for long periods of time <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> -Northern industry in France was devastated-had to cope with task of reconstruction in war-torn regions-government had financed war with loans from US and Britain-dependent on reparations from Germany and goodwill of Britain and US-were able to make a recovery with well-though out plans-control of industry handed back to owners; workers were discontent-undoing of the government was the inability to master the financial situation-Poincare restored France to financial health by raising taxes and cutting expenditure <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;">-went into German towns and demanded money and material to pay back for losses in war; were pretentious about political situation after Rathenau was murdered-felt that they were too weak to control the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles; eventually Poincare fell from power and France couldn't hold Germany any longer-in Locarno Treaties, Germany renounced desire to change Western frontier and accepted loss of Alsace-Lorraine-France had no real allies; Russia was in a state of disarray -main fault of Treaty of Versailles was the fact that the Allies failed to keep Anglo-French unity after the war-new party in power was Bloc National; caused the downfall of Clemenceau-split of French socialism causes influence to not be that powerful <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',sans-serif;"> Works Cited: <span style="font-family: Georgia,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Grenville, J.A.S. //A History of the World in the 20th Century.// Cambridge, Massachusetts. Belknap Press of Harvard university Press, 1980, 1994, 1998, 2000. Print. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"[|total war]." __The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English__. 2009.//Encyclopedia.com.// 11 Nov. 2009 <[|http://www.encyclopedia.com]>. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> "Propaganda for Countries." http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/index.htm "Statistics on Mobilization and Casualties." http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWstatistics.htm "Biography on Falkenhayn." http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/falkenhayn.htm "Biography for Moltke." http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/moltke.htm "Propaganda Use." http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/alberto_martini(1).html "Major Battles of WWI." http://www.lz95.org/MSN/gifted/themainfolder/nate/battleinfo.htm "Origins and Causes of World War I." http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/causes.htm Kissinger, Henry. //Diplomacy.// New York; Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 1994. Print. Eric Markusen and David Kopf; //The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century,// (1995) "Why World War I was a Total War." http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Was_World_War_1_a_'total_war' "Weapons Used." http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/index.htm "Life of A Soldier." http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/trenchlife.htm "Aims of Germany in WWI." http://warandgame.wordpress.com/2007/10/04/german-world-war-i-aims-–-the-‘september-programme’/